Page 31 - 1915, Springs of CA.

OEDEB OF DISCUSSION. 31
7. Springs of artesian origin; rise in valleys, yield fairly pure,
warm water and differ in origin from most of the hot springs. In
making this class, the customary grouping of the spring waters into
thermal and nonthermal classes, with 70° P. as the division point,
has not been followed. Some artesian springs have higher tempera-
ture than 70°, and some that are locally considered to be warm but
are probably not of artesian origin have lower temperatures.
8. Large cold springs; springs of nearly constant flow, whose
origin is considered to be somewhat different from that of the springs
included in the next group.
9. Perennial springs; springs of perennial flow but essentially of
surface origin, or "hillside" springs. It was impracticable to visit
or to obtain descriptions of all of the many springs of this kind in the
State. In the well-watered mountainous sections many compara-
tively large springs are of little interest because they are so numerous;
in the arid districts small springs of similar character are of much
greater importance. Although the list of perennial springs is by no
means complete, attempt has been made to include those which
are of sufficient importance to have received names; others which
have not been considered of sufficient importance to indicate on the
map (PI. I, in pocket) are discussed more generally.
The foregoing classification is conceded not to be logical from the
usual standpoint, that of the chemist; for relatively unimportant con-
stituents, as carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulphide, may determine
the heading under which a spring is discussed. It is considered justi-
fiable, however, in order best to serve one purpose of this paper as a
popular catalogue of the springs of California.
ORDER OF DISCUSSION.
As the hot springs are most important, because of the extent to
which they have been improved as resorts and of their relations to
the geologic structure, they are first discussed. Within this group
the order is both geologic and geographic. Springs that issue in
areas of granitic rocks, beginning in the south and proceeding north-
ward, are first considered; then those in the older sediments of the
northern part of the Coast Ranges, next the hot springs in the lava
fields of the northeastern part of the State, and last those along the
eastern front of the Sierra and in the desert area to the south. (See
Pis. I and III, in pocket.) As Plate III was originally prepared for
reproduction on a smaller scale, the positions of a few of the sym-
bols showing springs are less accurate than those in Plate I.
The carbonated springs are described mainly in geographic order,
beginning with the most prominent group and proceeding north-
ward through the Coast Ranges, and then southward through the
Sierra. (See Pis. I and III, in pocket.)