Page 16 - 1915, Springs of CA.

16 SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA.
being expressed in parts per million by weight and parts per million
of reacting value. The principal radicles reported are listed below:
Positive and negative radicles.
Positive. Negative.
Alkali: Strong-acid:
Sodium...................... Na Sulphate..................... SO4
Potassium.................... K Chloride..................... Cl
Lithium..................... Li Bromide................. v ... Br
Rubidium.................... Rb Iodide....................... I
Caesium...................... Cs Nitrate...................... NO3
Ammonium.................. NH4 Weak-acid and hydroxide:
Alkaline-earth: Carbonate.................... CO3
Barium...................... Ba Sulphide-................... S
Strontium.................... Sr Phosphate................... PO4
Calcium...................... Ca Metaborate................... B02
Magnesium................... Mg Arsenate..................... AsO4
Miscellaneous: Hydroxide 2.................. OH
Hydrogen 1................... H
Iron......................... Fe
Manganese................... Mn
Aluminum.................... Al
To the radicles should be added three other determinations
silica (SiO2), and the gases carbon dioxide (CO3) and hydrogen sul-
phide (H^S) which are not listed as radicles because they are
generally believed to be present in water in the colloidal state, or as
dissolved gases, and are customarily so reported. Under certain
conditions, however, these three substances may also perform the
function of radicles in the solution.
In the foregoing list the hydrogen radicle represents acidity due
to an excess (in reacting value) of strong-acid radicles over basic or
alkali radicles. The carbonate radicle in many of the analyses
given in this' paper represents merely alkalinity due to an excess (in
reacting value) of basic radicles over strong-acid radicles.
The analyses presented have been taken from various sources,
where they were expressed in several different forms. The most
feasible method of unifying these statements with reference to car-
bonate and bicarbonate radicles and carbon dioxide was to report
all carbonates and bicarbonates as the carbonate radicle. It may be
assumed that where carbon dioxide is reported present, sufficient
so-called'' half-bound'' carbon dioxide is present to warrant the report-
ing of all carbonates as the conventional bicarbonate radicle; that
where carbon dioxide is reported absent, a mixture of carbonate and
bicarbonate radicles is represented by the carbonate radicle; and
that where carbon dioxide is not reported, either condition may exist.
Hydrogen (H)=trae acid radicle. 2 Hydroxide (OH)=true basic radicle.